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Pogranicze polsko-wschodniosłowiańskie. Studia wyrazowe. Część 2
(Uniwersytet Warszawski - Wydział Polonistyki - Instytut Slawistyki Zachodniej i Południowej, 2021) Rembiszewska, Dorota Krystyna; Siatkowski, Janusz; Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytet Warszawski
Polish-East Slavonic Borderland Word Studies. Part 2 continues reflections on Polish-Slavonic loans, references and parallels on a language borderland which were made in Part 1. Specific word units were used as a basis for the discussion of ways of interpreting terms appearing at the crossroads of languages. In their selection, the authors have focused primarily on examples that require additions and modifications to earlier studies, especially the justification of whether there are indeed reasons for accepting a loanword or whether it should be rejected. It turns out that we are often confronted with examples which are not easy to determine. To consider a word to be a borrowing, a number of factors must be taken into account. These include foreign formal elements, the geography of the word in dialects and its history. Formal features, which should be deemed conclusive, include: - pleophonic forms, e.g. chołodziec ‘meat jelly’; połonik, opołonik ‘ladle’; - forms containing h corresponding to Polish g, e.g. czuhun, czyhun ‘cast-iron’; drahle, dryhle ‘meat jelly’, huba, hubka bot. ‘tree fungus’; - oral vowel u in place of old-Slavonic ǫ, e.g. dubas ‘river vessel’, niezabudka ‘forget-me-not’; - vowels a, e in place of old-Slavonic *ę, e.g. dziaha (*dęga), dziażka ‘trouser belt’; kipiatok ‘boiling water’; - East-Slavonic development of sonants, e.g. bołtać ‘stir’, bołtun ‘gone-over egg’ instead of Polish bełtać; korcić ‘vex’, ‘tease’; - consonant r in place of primary ŕ, e.g. brechać ‘bark’ vs. Polish dial. brzechać; prynuka ‘inviting’, ‘encouragement’, ‘popędzanie’ vs. Polish przynuka; - East-Slavonic development of yers, e.g. χaberok ‘blue wildflower, Centaurea cyanus L.’; - East-Slavonic development of old-Slavonic *dj into č, e.g. kaczać ‘roll, reel, upturn’ and derivatives kaczała ‘plaited scourge’, kaczałka, less often kaczałek, kaczałko, kaczało ‘all kinds of disks and rollers’; - consonant ď, e.g. boďak, bodiak ‘thistle’; haďuga, haďuka; - Ukrainian shift of ě into i, e.g. ciłuszka, cyłuszka ‘first or last slice of a loaf of bread’; čułuw’ičyk, čłoičok ‘pupil in the eye’; - Ukrainian hard pronunciation of consonants, e.g. mizynek, nezabudka. Sometimes there are contradictions between the formal criteria and the territorial range, when the phonetic form indicates a Ruthenian influence, while the range of these forms in the dialects argues strongly for their native character. In the case of occurrence at the borderland, often contiguous, of forms having native and foreign formal features, it is sometimes difficult to determine the type of influence. The forms with foreign features should obviously be attributed to the influence of Ruthenian languages, while their theoretically Polish formal equivalents may be either relics of old names or Polonised lexical loans. At times it is difficult to resolve this matter unequivocally. Ruthenian mediation is clear in the adoption of loans from oriental languages, with which Polish had limited direct contact. This is visible in the case of words such as chum, czyhun ‘cast-iron’, ‘cast-iron pot’; kaban ‘hog’, kabanina ‘pork’, later ‘worse kind of meat’; kaczan, koczan ‘cabbage core’, ‘ear of corn’; kindziuk ‘belly, stomach’, ‘a kind of cold meat’; kociuba ‘poker’, ‘cane’; łoszak ‘calf’, later łoszę, also łoszątko, łoszaczek, łoszyca; tarakan ‘cockroach’; perhaps kułak ‘fist’. The most noteworthy of these are the words which now have a similar range in Polish dialects to that of East Slavonic loans, while the allusions to Slavic or derived place names indicate that they were known in Polish much earlier and had a much wider range. This, however, decreased with time as a result of the withdrawal of these archaisms to the periphery. Besides, in today's perception they are often considered alien. The multilateral and multifaceted analysis of selected words from the Polish-Eastern Slavic borderland leads to the conclusion that despite the collection of voluminous reference material, it is sometimes impossible to decide whether we are dealing with a loanword or the preservation of a relic of an old community.
Slovenska susretanja: Jug i Zapad
(Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2021) Dragićević, Rajna; Sokolović, Dalibor; Đurić, Mina; Ajdačić, Dejan; Molas, Jerzy; Uniwersytet Warszawski

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